What can be a significant consequence of over-application of fertilizers?

The significant consequence of over-application of fertilizers is nutrient runoff leading to water pollution. When fertilizers are applied in excessive amounts, not all of the nutrients are absorbed by plants. This excess can wash away during rain events or irrigation, flowing into nearby waterways. This runoff is particularly problematic because it can lead to nutrient pollution, causing harmful algal blooms in lakes and rivers. These blooms deplete oxygen in the water, harming aquatic life and disrupting ecosystems. In addition, the resulting water quality issues can have serious implications for human health and local economies that rely on clean water for drinking and recreation. Understanding the impact of nutrient runoff is essential for adopting sustainable agricultural practices that protect both the environment and public health.